“The great majority of people tend to focus downward. They are occupied with efforts rather than results. They worry over what the organization and their superiors ‘owe’ them and should do for them. And they are conscious above all of the authority they ‘should have’. As a result, they render themselves ineffectual.” – Peter Drucker

Peter Drucker has written extensively about the impact of the knowledge worker in modern organizations. Knowledge workers can be defined as people who know more about what they're doing than their managers do. Many knowledge workers have years of education and experience in training for their positions, yet they have almost no training in how to effectively influence decision-makers.

As Peter Drucker has noted, “The greatest wisdom not applied to action and behavior is meaningless data.”

The eleven guidelines listed below are intended to help you do a better job of influencing decision-makers. In some cases, these decision-makers may be immediate or upper managers – in other cases, they may be peers or cross-organizational colleagues. I hope that you find these suggestions to be useful in helping you convert your good ideas into meaningful action!

11 Guidelines for Effectively Influencing Decision-makers

1. Every decision that impacts our lives will be made by the person who has the power to make that decision – not the ‘right’ person, the ‘smartest’ person, or the ‘best’ person – make peace with this fact.

As simple and obvious as this statement may seem, few (otherwise intelligent) people ever deeply ‘get’ this point.

When your child comes home from school and complains, “It’s not fair! The teacher gave me a ‘C’ and I really deserved an ‘A’! We, as parents, should say, “Welcome to the real world, kid! In life, you have to accept the fact that decision-makers make decisions – and that you're not always the decision maker.”

Once we make peace with the fact that the people who have the power to make the decisions always make the decisions – and we get over whining because ‘life isn’t fair’ – we become more effective in influencing others and making a positive difference. We also become happier!

2. When presenting ideas to decision-makers, realize that it's your responsibility to sell – not their responsibility to buy.

In many ways, influencing ultimate decision-makers is similar to selling products or services to external customers. They don’t have to buy – you have to sell! Any good salesperson takes responsibility for achieving results. No one is impressed with salespeople who blame their customers for not buying their products.

While the importance of taking responsibility may seem obvious in external sales, an amazing number of people in large corporations spend countless hours “blaming” management for not buying their ideas.

Former Harvard Professor Chris Argyris pointed out how “upward feedback” often turns into “upward buck-passing.” We can become “disempowered” when we focus on what others have done to make things wrong and not what we can do to make things right.

If more time was spent on developing our ability to present ideas, and less time was spent on blaming others for not buying our ideas, a lot more might get accomplished.

A key part of the influence process involves the education of decision-makers. To again quote Drucker, “The person of knowledge has always been expected to take responsibility for being understood. It is barbarian arrogance to assume that the layman can or should make the effort to understand the specialist.”

The effective influencer needs to be a good teacher. Good teachers realize communicating knowledge is often a greater challenge than possessing knowledge.

3. Focus on contribution to the larger good – and the needs of the decision maker – not just the achievement of your objectives.

An effective salesperson would never say to a customer, “You need to buy this product because if you don’t, I won’t achieve my objectives!”

Effective salespeople relate to the needs of the buyers, not to their own needs. In the same way, effective upward influencers relate to the larger needs of the organization, not just to the needs of their unit or team.

When influencing decision makers, focus on the impact of your suggestion on the overall corporation. In most cases, the needs of the unit and the needs of the corporation are directly connected. In some cases, they aren't. Don’t assume that executives can automatically “make the connection” between the benefit to your unit and the benefit to the larger corporation.

4. Strive to win the “big battles” – don’t waste your energy and “psychological capital” on trivial points.

Time is limited for many executives. Do a thorough analysis of ideas before “challenging the system.” Don’t waste time on issues that will only have a negligible impact on results. Focus on issues that will make a real difference. Be willing to “lose” on small points.

Be especially sensitive to the need to win trivial non-business arguments on things like restaurants, sports teams, or cars. People become more annoyed with us for having to be “right” on trivia than our need to be right on important business points. You are paid to do what makes a difference and to win on important issues. You are not paid to win arguments on the relative quality of athletic teams.

5. Present a realistic “cost-benefit” analysis of your ideas – don’t just sell benefits.

Every organization has limited resources, time and energy. The acceptance of your idea may well mean the rejection of another idea that someone else believes is wonderful. Be prepared to have a realistic discussion of the costs of your idea. Acknowledge the fact that something else may have to be sacrificed in order to have your idea implemented.

By getting ready for a realistic discussion of costs, you can “prepare for objections” to your idea before they occur. You can acknowledge the sacrifice that someone else may have to make and point out how the benefits of your plan may outweigh the costs.

6. “Challenge up” on issues involving ethics or integrity – never remain silent on ethics violations.

Enron, WorldCom and other organizations have dramatically pointed out how ethics violations can destroy even the most valuable companies. The best of corporations can be severely damaged by only one violation of corporate integrity.

Hopefully, you'll never be asked to do anything by the management of your corporation that represents a violation of corporate ethics. If you are, refuse to do it and immediately let upper management know of your concerns. This action needs to be taken for the ultimate benefit of your company, your customers, your co-workers and yourself.

When challenging up, try not to assume that management has intentionally requested you to do something wrong. In some cases, a seemingly inappropriate request may merely be the result of a misunderstanding or poor communication. Try to present your case in a manner that is intended to be helpful, not judgmental.

7. Realize that powerful people are just as “human” as you are – don’t say, “I am amazed that someone at this level…”

It's realistic to expect decision-makers to be competent; it's unrealistic to expect them to be anything other than normal humans.

Is there anything in the history of the human species that indicates when people achieve high levels of status, power and money they become completely “wise” and “logical”?

How many times have we thought, “I would assume someone at this level…” followed by “should know what is happening,” “should be more logical,” “wouldn’t make that kind of mistake,” or “would never engage in such inappropriate behavior”?

Even the best of leaders is human. We all make mistakes. When your managers make mistakes, focus more on helping them than judging them.

8. Treat decision-makers with the same courtesy that you would treat customers – don’t be disrespectful.

While it's important to avoid “kissing up” to decision-makers, it's just as important to avoid the opposite reaction. A surprising number of middle managers spend hours “trashing” the company and its executives or making destructive comments about other co-workers.

When reviewing summary 360^o feedback on leaders, the item, “avoids destructive comments about the company or co-workers” regularly scores in the “bottom ten” on co-workers' satisfaction with peers.

Before speaking, it's generally good to ask four questions:

1. Will this comment help our company?
2. Will this comment help our customers?
3. Will this comment help the person I'm talking to?
4. Will this comment help the person I'm talking about?

If the answers are no, no, no and no – don’t say it! There's a big difference between total honesty and dysfunctional disclosure. As we discussed earlier, it's always important to “challenge up” on integrity issues. It's inappropriate to stab decision-makers in the back.

9. Support the final decision of the organization – don’t say, “They made me tell you” to direct reports.

Assuming that the final decision of the organization is not immoral, illegal or unethical – go out and try to make it work! Managers who consistently say, “They told me to tell you” to co-workers are seen as “messengers,” not leaders. Even worse, don’t say, “those fools told me to tell you.” By demonstrating our lack of commitment to the final decision we may sabotage the chances for effective execution.

A simple guideline for communicating difficult decisions is to ask, “How would I want someone to communicate to their people if they were passing down my final decision and they disagreed with me?” Treat decisions makers in the same way that you would want to be treated if the roles were reversed.

For example, if you stab your boss in the back in front of your direct reports, what are you teaching your direct reports to do when they disagree with you?

10. Make a positive difference – don’t just try to “win” or “be right.”

We can easily become more focused on what others are doing wrong, on than how we can make things better. An important guideline in influencing up is to always remember your goal – make a positive difference for the organizations.

Corporations are different than academic institutions. In an academic institution, the goal may be just sharing diverse ideas, without a need to impact the bottom line. Hours of acrimonious debate can be perfectly acceptable. In a corporation, sharing ideas without having an impact is worse than useless - it's a waste of the stockholders' money and a distraction from serving customers.

When I was interviewed in the Harvard Business Review, I was asked, “What is the most common ‘area for improvement’ for the executives that you meet? My answer was “winning too much.”

Focus on making a difference. The more other people can “be right” or “win” with your idea, the more likely your idea will be successfully executed.

11. Focus on the future – “let go” of the past.

One of the most important behaviors to avoid is “whining” about the past. Have you ever managed someone who incessantly whined about how bad things are? When people consistently whine, they inhibit any change they may have for impacting the future. Their managers tend to view them as annoying. Their direct reports view them as inept. Nobody wins.

Successful people love getting ideas aimed at helping them achieve their goals for the future. They dislike being “proven wrong” because of their mistakes in the past. By focusing on the future you can concentrate on what can be achieved tomorrow, as opposed to what was not achieved yesterday. This future orientation may dramatically increase your odds of effectively influencing decision-makers. It will also help you build better long-term relationships with people at all levels of your organization.

In summary, think of the years that you have spent “perfecting your craft.” Think of all of the knowledge that you've accumulated. Think about how your knowledge can potentially benefit your organization. How much energy have you invested in acquiring all of this knowledge? How much energy have you invested in learning to present this knowledge to decision-makers – so that you can make a real difference?

My hope is that by making a small investment in learning to influence decision-makers, you can make a large, positive difference for the future of your organization!

This article was reposted from Marshall Goldsmith's blog with permission. You can view it here.